Robert E. Lee
1807–1870 · American (Stratford Hall, Virginia) · American Civil War
Known for: Confederate general who fought brilliantly for a terrible cause—the most controversial military figure in American history
Lee was the finest tactical commander of the Civil War—a Virginia aristocrat and former US Army officer who chose to fight for the Confederacy to defend his state, not (he claimed) to defend slavery. He won stunning victories at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Second Bull Run against larger Union forces.
He lost at Gettysburg and was ground down by Grant's relentless campaign. He surrendered at Appomattox and spent his remaining years as a college president, urging reconciliation. The debate over his legacy—brilliant general or traitor who fought for slavery—defines American memory politics.
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